Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common virus that infects the skin and mucous membranes. Most HPV infections clear on their own, but some high-risk types can persist and lead to changes that increase the risk of certain cancers, including anal cancer.

Does HPV cause anal cancer?

HPV infection is the strongest risk factor for anal cancer and is accepted as a causal agent of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and its precursor lesions 2. Not everyone with HPV will develop anal cancer, but persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is a key step in the process.

Who is at higher risk?

Risk factors that increase the chance of HPV-related anal disease include:

  • Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types
  • A weakened immune system (for example, after organ transplant or with HIV)
  • Certain sexual practices that increase exposure to HPV
  • Smoking

These factors do not mean anal cancer will develop, but they are reasons to discuss screening with a specialist.

Can anal cancer be prevented?

Prevention focuses on lowering risk and detecting changes early:

  • HPV vaccination is recommended for eligible age groups and helps prevent infection with the high-risk HPV types most linked to cancer 3.
  • Safer sexual practices reduce HPV exposure.
  • Smoking cessation removes one known risk factor.
  • Screening for high-risk individuals may allow precancerous changes to be found and treated early.

What symptoms should be discussed?

Anal cancer is uncommon, but symptoms that should be assessed by a doctor include:

  • Bleeding from the anus or rectum
  • Pain or pressure around the anus
  • A lump or swelling near the anus
  • Changes in bowel habits
  • Persistent itching or discharge

These symptoms can also be caused by benign conditions such as hemorrhoids or fissures, so an examination is important for clarification.

What to do next

If you are concerned about HPV or anal cancer risk, the next step is to speak with a colorectal specialist. Bring any previous test results and a list of current medications. Your doctor can explain whether screening is appropriate for you and answer questions based on your individual situation.

*This article is for educational purposes only and does not replace a personal medical consultation.*